福佬話內之廣百越語詞彙
盧溢棋
（Ekki）
From:
ekki.bbs@twserv.csie.nctu.edu.tw (Ekki)
Subject: 【福佬話內之廣百越語詞彙】
Date: 27 Mar 1997 10:47:15 GMT
(Notice: the following article has been converted
from non-ASCII text into BIG5 and ASCII encoding.
Many of the special symbols have been modified.)
【ON AUSTRO-TAIC TERMS IN HOKLO】
【福佬話內之廣百越語詞彙】
Ekki H. J. Lu (盧溢棋)
【踏話頭】
大家好. 佇即篇文章內, 我想卜給一寡仔我最近所揣著 e 福佬話
內面 e 百越語詞彙淡薄仔來佳整理一下. 因為這 e 資料卡有
語言學上 e 技術 用語, 特別記號碼是規大堆, 文章內我會大部
份用英語來拍, 安爾互國際 友人甲語言學者嘛會使得參考.
咱佇 deh 讀即篇文章 e 時, 愛保持用客觀 e 態度來看待. 真濟
字詞雖然 真有可能是百越語留落來`e, 唔拘咱心胸愛放卡
開咧, 一切愛靠科學上 e 証據來評論. 偌有新 e 証據, 咱著愛來
給伊接受.
佇公元前 221 年, 秦始皇派五十萬大兵向嶺南進行侵略, 佔領
百越各族群 e 生存空間, 包括今仔日 e 福建, 廣東, 廣西甲越南.
所以, 佇今仔日 e 福佬話 內面, 咱應當 iah 會凍來揣著一寡仔
漢化以前 e 百越語所留落來 e 字詞. 今仔日百越 e 兄弟族有
包括印尼, 馬來西亞, 泰國, 越南, 夏威夷, 紐西蘭 e 毛利
(Maori), 復活島 (Easter Island, Rapa Nui) 甲非洲 e 馬達加斯加
等等 e 各種族群, 甚至連台灣本土 e 各原住民族群. 咱台語內面
偌揣無漢字 e 字詞, 定定佇這 e 其他兄弟族 e 語言內面揣
會著「同源字」(cognate words). 親像「lut 頭毛」甲「lut
喙齒 」e 迄字 <lut>, 著真明顯`e 會使得佇真濟東南亞甚至甲
夏威夷 e 語言內揣著同源字.
我所講 e 「廣百越語」只是一 e 泛稱, 因為佇古早時代住佇
嶺南 e 百越族 e 語言本身碼是真濟種. 佇現代語言學上, 照推論
應該有包括著今 仔日 e 南島 (Austronesian), 南亞 (Austroasiatic)
甲 泰語 (Tai) 系 e 種種語言. 漢化以前 e 福佬話到底是卡接近
即三 e 系統內 e 佗一 e 系統? 佇目前看起來, 可能是卡接近
南島語言系統, 唔拘, 目前 e 証據 iah 無算 充足, 一切 iah 有需要
卡濟卡深入 e 研究, 咱即碼是無辦法現做結論`e.
經過了兩千年 e 漢化, 咱佇福佬話內底是會凍揣著偌濟
「廣百越語」e 字詞? 這咱會使得提另外一 e 例來參考. 法國
儂一般是認古早 e 「高盧」儂 (Gaul) 為祖先, 高盧語是 塞爾特
(Celtic) 系統 e 一種語言, 甲拉丁話 無仝系統. 唔拘, 經過了
兩千年 e 拉丁化, 佇今仔日 e 法語內底, 咱 甘那會凍揣著
差不多 100 夠 200 字 e 高盧話所留落來 e 字詞. 按照 安爾
來看, 佇福佬話內底卜揣會著一兩百字 e 百越語留落來 e
字詞, 碼已經無算簡單啊. 福佬話內底無漢字 e 字詞是真濟,
唔拘若是卜佇其他 南島, 南亞 iah 是泰語系統內揣會著
同源字, 安爾 e 字詞其實並無若濟.
好, 安爾咱即碼來看我所收集 e 一寡仔字詞. 我佇 jia 需要來
特別感謝 L.V. Hayes, 周百雄 (Pai Chou) 甲 戴凱序, 慇攏真熱心
對我收集這 e 字詞 e 時給我鬥三工. 其他下面我著用英語來寫.
請大家諒解!
Introduction
One caveat regarding this article is: we should be very careful in
drawing conclusions. One legitimate thing to do is to put forth an
interpretation. But it is a different matter to hold the interpretation
as an absolute truth. All readers should keep this in mind, and be
ready to accept new evidences and new interpretations as more
data are gathered.
The Chinese Deep South was not conquered by China until
Qin dynasty. According to historical records, in year 221 B.C,
Qin Shi-Huang (秦始皇), the First Emperor, dispatched 0.5
million soldiers for the invasion and annexation of the Deep
South, which included today's Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi
and Vietnam. It is therefore expected that part of the vocabulary
of the pre-sinified Deep South would survive in today's southern
dialects. It is hard to say how much non-sinitic ethnic background
is in today's Hoklo people. But one thing for certain is, the Deep
South was not an empty land when the Chinese people arrived.
Nor could the original inhabitants be fully exterminated or
displaced.
The linguistical search does indeed show some undeniable
cognates between Hoklo and the non-sinitic languages
throughout today's Southeast Asia. However, the interpretation
of these cognates should be made very carefully. A few points
should be born in mind. 1.- The direction of borrowing/propagation
of a word at times can be very uncertain. Sino-Tibetan may well
have interacted with Austro-Taic languages in both directions,
and these two language groups may even have borrowed from
a common third source. Also, sometimes, the supposed cognates
can be mere coincidences. 2.- The time of borrowing can be also
very difficult to establish. Some words like Hoklo jim = "to kiss"
is expected to be a modern borrowing from Malay, others like
lut = "to shed (skin, hair), to slip away" is expected to have an
ancient Austro-Taic origin. However, for these and other words,
it is often impossible to determine when they propagated, or how
the propagation occurred (word borrowing may or may not
involve ethnic links).
The term "Austro-Taic" used here solely means that I am taking
into account the Austronesian, Tai and Austroasiatic languages
groups.
Austro-Taic = Austronesian + Tai + Austroasiatic.
Some linguists also use the term "Austric" to refer to the union of
these three language groups, although in the more restricted
sense "Austric" includes only the Austronesian and the
Austroasiatic groups.
Austric (narrow sense) = Austronesian + Austroasiatic.
Note that the "Austro-Tai" group, which includes only the
Austronesian and the Tai groups, is therefore a subgroup of
"Austro-Taic".
Austro-Tai = Austronesian + Tai ＜ Austro-Taic.
I do not want to claim that there indeed is a basis for the
Austro-Taic macrofamily in the genetic sense. I am using the
term "Austro-Taic" here only as a convenient name for
encompassing the three languages families, since the
connection of Austroasiatic languages to the Austronesian
and Tai groups is still being disputed.
To fix an idea, Austronesian languages include Malay,
Indonesian, Formosan aborigine languages, Polynesian
languages, etc. Tai languages include Thai, Li, Kam-Sui,
etc. Austroasiatic languages include Mon-Khmer, Vietnamese,
and Munda languages in India like Khasi. These language
groups form the main stock that lies to the south of the modern
sinitic languages.
Is Hoklo closer to any particular group out of the three? At this
moment, I must say that we do not have sufficient data to make
such a speculation. Hoklo seems to have interacted with all the
three groups. Due to the coastal location of Fujian, it is tempting
to search for a stronger Austronesian connection. Due to some of
the scanty connections mentioned in historical records between
Fujian and Vietnamese people, we may be tempted to search
for more Austroasiatic connections. However, Tai connections
are often explicit. At this moment, I think we should await for
further data and analysis before speculating on the genetic
connection of the Hoklo language. It is also entirely possible
that in historical times there was no meaningful way of separating
the three groups.
How many Austro-Taic terms can one reasonably expect to find
in Hoklo, after the two-millenium sinification? Let us look at
a comparable case. The representative ancestors of the French
people are the historical Gaul people, and in general the
pre-romanized France is a Celtic language speaking territory.
However, under the intense latinization of the French languages,
in today's standard French, there remain only somewhere
between 100 and 200 words of Celtic origin (e.g: chemin,
changer, etc. See the books by R. Anthony Lodge and by
Henriette Walter regarding the history of the French language.
Walter's book contains a list of 71 words of Gaulish origin.)
Similarly, the high literary tradition in Fujian during Tang and
Song dynasties has probably wiped out most of the native
terms in the Hoklo language. All this is a warning against expecting
to find more than a handful of surviving Austro-Taic terms in
contemporary Hoklo.
With all the caveats mentioned, now let us go through the list of
words. Due to the large number of sources consulted, at the
moment I can only do my best to preserve the phonetic notation
as used in each reference, and I will not try to uniformize them
here. I will use the Missionary (Talmage) scheme to denote
Hoklo pronunciation, since it is familiar to more Hoklo speakers.
Also, as has been shown by Benedict, there are many words
shared by Chinese and Thai. I will omit all these terms here and
focus only on those terms that are potentially non-sinitic in
origin. I give special thanks to L.V. Hayes here, from whom I
received great help in checking the Austro-Taic cognates of
many words. I also thank Pai Chou and Khaisu for all their
help and enthusiasm.
List of Terms
aan [an5] = 緊 = tense, tight (rope).
Likely related to Malay/Indonesian angit = "to tie with rope",
te(ang = "tense, tight". See also lerng.
alnne [an2 ne1]
alnni [an2 ni1] = 這樣 = this way.
(Note: Douglas and Barclay gives [an3 ni1] for the tones in
Amoy.) Possibly related to proto-Austro-Tai *[i]ney = "this,
here". The Formosan cognates for "this, here" includes *(i)ni,
*m/ini, *ini/a, *d/ini. Indonesian/Malay ini. Cantonese ni53
as in ni53 ko33 = "this one", Hakka li31 as in li31 kE42 = "this
one". Tai *ni, *nay. Benedict in his article in Austroasiatic Studies
(1976) quoted Austroasiatic cognate *ni/ne for "this". Hakka has
an-ngiong for "this way". Miao-Yao languages seem to have
more direct links to Hoklo for this word. Miao has "this way
(這麼)" = E 5 noN 3, nAN1 nen 3 7, ?ua 5 na 3, a 5 li 5ni 3,
Yao has hau 6 nau 3 6, naN 3 no 2. See also alnznuah.
alnznuah [an2 choahn 4] = 怎麼 = how.
Miao noN 1 tCi 1, ?ua 5 dzoN 4, a 5 li 6 tzaw5. See also alnne.
buun [pun5] = 吹 = to blow.
Proto-Yao cognate **pyom, *plom. Muen Yao (see Theraphan)
includes puem354 and puen11. Sinitic connection after the
Middle Chinese era is doubtful. 黃典誠 cites a Chinese
character composed of 口盆 as cognate, however, 集韻
only describes it as "吐也".
dah [tah4],
doh [toh4] = 何 = where, as in dohwir = "where".
No standard Chinese character representation. Possible
Vietnamese cognate da^u.
daam [tam5]= 濕 = wet, damp.
See Norman and Mei. Vietnamese dda(`m, dda^~m = "wet,
moist". Also, Yao has Dxn, Nam, *?don = "damp, wet".
daanggi [tang5 ki1] = 童乩 = shaman, spirit healer, medium.
See Norman and Mei. Austroasiatic cognates. Vietnamese
ddo^ng = "to shamanize, to communicate with spirits".
dang [tang1] = 年 = year, harvest.
Proto-Austronesian *tahun. Tagalog taon. Miao-Yao:
川黔滇苗語 CoN5, 布努瑤語 CaN5. Hakka as used in
福建永定: tuN . Notice that the Austronesian word contains
the meanings of 1) season 2) year 3) harvest. The three
meanings are also reflected in Hoklo. The Chinese character
冬 has appeared already in oracle-shell script to denote
"the last one", and does not seem to contain the meaning
of harvest.
dehh [teh4] = 壓 = to press down with an heavy object, to
crush/squeeze.
No Cantonese or Hakka cognate found. Possible Vietnamese
cognate dde`. Proto-Austronesian has tedet for "to crush
(press, squeeze)", proto-Philippine tedes.
diarm [tiam7] = 靜 = quiet.
No standard Chinese character representation. Hakka
cognate diam-diam. No Cantonese cognate. Malay/Indonesian
cognate diam, diamdiam.
dir [ti7] = 在 = (to be) at, in, on.
Malay/Indonesian cognate: di. Proto-Austronesian di'.
dorng [tong7] = 戳 = to poke, to pierce. E.g. dorng jid
kang = to make a hole (with some long-shaped object,
e.g. a finger or a stick).
Cantonese has duN6 = "to poke". Proto-Austronesian
t'uNkit = "to poke, to prod".
duh [tuh4]
duhgu [tuh4 ku1] = 瞌 = to take a short nap, to fall asleep
involuntarily.
(福建永春 uses duhviin, where viin = 眠). Indonesian **tidur,
*tidu[R], **tudur, *tuduR = "to sleep". Formosan: East (Bunun,
Favorlang) *mA/tu[z]ur, Tsuonic (Saaroa) *mA/tA/tutsur,
湘西苗語 drGwe5.
duq [tuh8] = 戳 = to stab, to stick into. E.g. yeorng do'al duq
= to stab with a knife.
tuh [thuh4] = 戳 = to perforate, to excavate, to pick (teeth).
Cantonese has duk |- = "to stab, to stick into". Proto-
Austronesian t'ukt'uk = "to stab, to stick into". Benedict cites
Thai *zuk = "to push into (stick into ashes, stick a log into fire)"
as possible cognate.
dynk [tng3] = 捶 = to stamp (a seal, or with foot), to set
down heavily, to hit (with fist).
Situation unclear. Vietnamese has ddo'ng da^u = "to stamp
(mail)". Hakka de`m = "to stamp with foot". Cantonese dam2
= "to hit with fist, to stamp (mail)", dam6 = "to stamp with foot".
gazuaq [ka1 choah8, ka1 choa7] = 蟑螂 = cockroach.
Cantonese gat6 dzat, Hakka k'i^-ts'a(t. Malay dialects have
ganchong, kachong, kanchong, and kachuak. Indonesian
has kacoa/kacoak. But the Malay/Indonesian terms may be
later loan words from Southern Chinese dialects. Related to
this term is Cantonese ka`hmlo'u = spider, Hoklo gazaul =
flea, Proto-Oceanic kalo = cockroach, Proto-Philippine
kakalu(u) = cockroach, Proto-Philippine Nalo = housefly,
Proto-Oceanic qulo(s) = fly. Miao dialects have kAN1 ndzua4
= mantis, kAN1 dzua6 = spider. Yao dialects have ka1 li2' =
butterfly, ka1 ntshaa3` = louse. Hoklo ka- seems to be
reminiscence of a root word meaning "insect", as in Miao
kAN1 and Yao ka1. (The gaul- initial in gaulhiar = "ant" may
also reflect this root word.)
gazaul [ka1 chau2]= 跳蚤 = flea.
See gazuaq.
ger [ke7] = 低 = low.
Miao （黔東苗語） kA4 = "short (height)", Yao（布努瑤語）ku4.
gnial [kian 2] = 囝 = child.
See Norman and Mei. Austroasiatic cognates. Vietnamese con =
child, Khmer koun, etc.
gnuar [koan 7] = 提 = to hold in hand (like a bucket, or a
shopping bag.) E.g. gnuar zuil = to carry water with a bucket.
Hakka has kuan. (Cantonese wan35 has the same meaning
and usage.) Proto-Austronesian has **kAmkAm = "to take hold
of". Thai *kAm = "hold in the hand, take hold of". Also Thai *kum
= "hold with the hand, retain". Indonesian genggam = "to grip,
to grasp".
guaan [koan5] = 高 = high.
In the Kadai group we have Noong Lay kwa:N, Kam-Sui
*hwuAN, etc. In Proto-Miao-Yao *hrAAN. See Benedict for
details. No Austronesian cognate found. No Cantonese,
Hakka cognates found. The Chinese character 懸 seems
to be just a phonetic matching, since its meaning (as
consulted in 辭海) has more to do with "to hang" than with
altitude.
gutlad [kut4 lat8] = 勤勞 = zealous, diligent.
Usually this word is rendered as 骨力 (bone force) in
Hanzi. Interestingly, there is a proto-Austronesian cognate
get'a'.
jiim [chim5]= 蟳 = a type of crab.
See Norman and Mei. Vietnamese sam = "king crab". The
Vietnamese term reflects *Cra:m, though. So the situation is
unclear. Proto-Austronesian *keTem = "kind of crab",
Proto-Mon *kntaam = "(fresh water) crab", Chrau cham =
"crab". (L.V. Hayes, private communication.)
jim [chim1] = 吻 = to kiss.
Likely a modern borrowing from Malay chium, Indonesian
cium.
kamp [kham3] = 蓋 = to cover, to cover with a lid.
Strong Austro-Tai origin. Pairs of words of the form (k...m, k...p)
are observed for Hoklo, Hakka and Cantonese. Cantonese
(kem2, keb1), Hakka (k'iem, k'iep). Proto-Austronesian
k@bk@b, kebkeb, kubkub. Proto-Yao kum/kub.
kap [khap4]= 蓋 = to stamp a seal, to cover. See analysis in
kamp.
kataau'u [kha1 thau5 u1]= 膝蓋 = knee.
Where ka = 腳 = "leg", and taau'u maybe cognate with
Proto-Austronesian tuhud, [tT]uud, Proto-Oceanic turu.
Formosan (Ami, Puyuma) *turus. Maori turu, tuu. (Note: ka
should actually be written as the character composed by
骨交, 腳 in Old Chinese carries a -k ending pronunciation.
Hoklo ka might be cognate with Austronesian kaki' .)
ken [khian1]
ken'al [khian1 a2]= 環 = ring (as in key-ring).
Proto-Austronesian k'ink'in = "ring". Sinitic 環, 圈, 卷, etc.
may ultimately be related, but the relationship is not nearly
as direct as the one between Austronesian and Hoklo. For
instance, 圈 originally only means enclosure for domestic
animals, and the reconstructed pronunciation is *giwen.
laaqiaa [la5 gia5] = 蜘蛛 = a type of long-legged spider.
No Cantonese cognate. Hakka la^-k'ia^ = "spider (any
species)". Malay lawa-lawa, Indonesian/Malay labah-labah.
Proto-Austronesian lawa. Hawaiian lanalana, nananana is
also cognate.
lalm [lam2] = 弱 = weak (body strength). E.g. sintel lalm weak
body, lacking physical strength.
Proto-Austronesian lemah = "weak", lemu' = "weakness".
lang [lang1] = 疏 = empty, sparse. See lank.
lank [lang3] = 隔 = to skip, to leave an empty space. E.g.
lank jid gang jiahgoh laai = "to come back in two days", lank
jid haang = lank jid zuar = "to skip a line".
No standard Chinese character representation. Malay
cognate langkau = "to skip, to omit", as in langkau sa-hari
= "every other day", langkau tiga muka = "to skip three
pages". Indonesian luang, as in terluang = "open, free,
vacant", lowong = "vacant". In general, Malay/Indonesian
have many words of the form l..ng[k..] that are related to
the concept of "openess, empty space". Examples of these
word are: Malay/Indonesian: langit = "sky"; langkah = "step,
stride"; lapang = "wide, spacious, free of hindrance or grief";
longgar = "large, wide (of a hole), loose"; lingtang, lintang =
"across, breadth"; layang = "to float (in the air)". Malay: langah
as in te(rbe(langah = "wide-open (e.g. eyes)" or te(rpe(langah
= "open"; lantang = "clear, broad"; langas = "free, unbound,
unlimited"; lenggar = "wide apart, free of movement"; lengkang
= "wide, open (of hooks)"; lingkah = "not united"; lubang =
"hole,
opening, pit"; lompang = "space between two houses"; lungkah
= "loosened, to loosen (of bark, etc.)". Indonesian: liang = "hole,
opening"; lengah = "careless, waiting time". (The usage of
*l[o]ng to mean "hole" is quite wide-spread in Asian
languages, including sinitic 窟窿. Whereas Mandarin
seems to use more *k[o]ng, Austro-Tai seems to use more
*l[o]ng. Mandarin examples include: 空, 廣, 坑, 孔, 寬, etc.)
lerng [leng7] = 鬆 = loose (rope). Also pronounced as liorng.
Malay longgar = "loose", lungkah = "loosened, to loosen (of
bark, etc.)" (see also the items in lank). Vietnamese lo/ng,
long-lo/ng = "loose". Proto-Philippine luNga(Rr), luaN.
lox [lo3] = 高 = tall, long. As in lox ka` lox ciul = long legs and
long hands.
Origin unclear. Formosan (Ami, Atayal) *q[e]lAw = "long".
Tai (Shan) *lAw = "long and straight", see Benedict. Proto-
Oceanic has lawas, lowas, proto-Polynesian loa. For Yao
(see Theraphan) we have lo33, *hlo meaning "big, large".
lut [lut4] = 落 = to shed (skin, hair), to slip away.
This word seems to be a good Austro-Taic candidate. Malay
luchut and Indonesian lucut = "to slip away". Benedict gives
Indonesian *lut'lut' = "to slip away". Vietnamese lo8^t. = "to
peel, to shed skin, shell". Hakka and Cantonese have
cognates as well. Hakka lo^ut., Cantonese led1. Cantonese
uses the character 甩, which is clearly a meaning borrowing.
Hawaiian has lu = "to shed, as a chicken its feather or a tree
its leaves".
muaai [moai5]
vee [be5]
veeu [b@5] = 粥 = rice soup, soupy rice.
This word obviously is cognate with Chinese 糜. But it should
be noted that the rice technology was likely introduced to China
from the South. Not surprisingly we find plenty of Austro-Tai
cognates, like Proto-Indonesian **imay = "rice in husk
(Tibeto-Burman), cooked rice (Malay)", Formosan *c@umay
= "rice plant (Puyuma), cooked rice (Pazeh)", Proto-Yao **m[]ey
= *hmey = "rice (milled)"., etc. Chinese 麻, 米, 麥, are likely to
be related, ultimately.
peul [ph(o)e2] = 頰, as in:
cuixpeul [chhui3 ph(o)e2] = 面頰 = cheek,
kacyngpeul [kha1 chhng1 ph(o)e2] = 屁股(尻川頰).
Proto-Austronesian has pipi' = "cheek", however, the
Proto-Austronesian word pue(Ct) = "buttocks" seems to
be a more likely cognate. The sinitic origin of the character
for peul as cited by 黃典誠, which is composed of 卑頁 is
not convincing, because 說文解字 only gives it as "傾首",
that is, to bend/tilt one's head; cuix- is likely sinitic 喙, however,
it is worth pointing out the Austronesian cognates like Rukai
*Nudzuj, proto-Yao **dzui, proto-Miao-Yao *ndzui. (Notice also
that 嘴, as used in Mandarin, belongs to a different tone
category, and seems to have appeared later in Chinese
literature.)
porng [phong7] = 塵 = dust flying all over, as in porngporng
yeng or yeng porngporng.
Tai *phoN = "dust", Proto-Yao **buaN.
put [phut4] = 斬 = to cut wood, grass, with sword or knife.
To brune, as branches. E.g. put caa = "to cut wood, tree",
put caul = "to cut grass".
Tai *paat = "to cut off (as in reaping)", Li *p(h)[a]t = "cut grass".
See Benedict under "cut".
qiul [giu2] = 拉 = to pull (rope, sleeves), to grasp, to snatch
suddenly, to draw, to drag.
No Hakka cognate, no recognizable Austro-Tai cognate by
Benedict. However, Proto-Philippine has guyud. Cantonese
has jau1. Vietnamese has gia^.t. = "to pull; to pull forcibly, jerk".
(Vietnamese ke'o = "to pull, draw" merits attention, too.)
suil [sui2] = 美 = beautiful.
Thai soo-a^y, Yao (勉瑤語) dzuei6.
taai [thai5] = 殺 = to kill.
There is one opinion that this word is sinitic, published in
the journal 方言 (see Jerry Norman). However, the overall
weight is in favor of a non-sinitic origin. See Benedict.
Indonesian *mAtAy = "to die, to be dead". Formosan
languages (Paiwan, Bunun, Saisiat, Thao Favorlang)
*pAt8Ay, Puyuma *m/n/AtAy, Tsuoic *mAtsAy. Southwestern
Thai *tAAy = "to die". Ami *mi/pAt8Ay = "to kill", Paiwan
*pA/pAt8Ay = "to kill". Proto-Miao-Yao *tAy = "to kill".
Yao taij = "to kill".
ulngu [un2 ku1]= 駝背 = hunch-back, humpbacked.
This word, when analyzed with separated syllables, seems
to have a very broad set of cognates, including Austro-Tai
and Sinitic partners. Chinese has -gu = 痀 for "hunchback,
to stoop", shared by Yao ku/ and other languages. However,
the uln- part remains unexplained. Noticing the wide-spread
existence of Austro-Tai words like Indonesian **iNkuk =
"crooked", Proto-Miao-Yao *Nkh[o]/ = "bent" (see Benedict
for details), also modern Malay onggok = "to hunch over",
Malay/Indonesian bungkuk = "hunchback", the Hoklo
expression appears to be cognate of the Austro-Tai terms.
Notice that the final -k in Malay/Indonesian only represents
a glottal stop ?.
vah [bah4] = 肉 = flesh, meat.
Tai *bla = "seasoned raw meat", from *(bla)bla. Also *nia
~ *?bia = "flesh, meat (esp. deer meat)" (in Siamese, also
"deer"). Formosan (Rukai: Tainan) has *bulAbulAi =
"flesh/meat". (For "spotted deer" we have: Paiwan biau ~
viau, Rukai biau, Puyuma biau ~ viau.) The Tai connection
may explain the mystery of the Hoklo term, which is unique
in today's major Chinese dialects. Yao (see Theraphan) has
*?wa.
vat [bat4] = 識 = to know, to recognize.
See Norman and Mei. Vietnamese bie^'t = "to know, to
recognize". The Vietnamese form is irregular. Bahnar ba(t
= "to know", Jeh ba(t = "to remember", Cua biit = "to
think".
(L.V. Hayes, private communication.)
vidboo [bit8 po5]
iarboo [ia7 po5] = 蝙蝠 = bat.
Amoy uses vidboo, Taiwanese Hoklo also uses iarboo
(夜婆), the Chinese characters are of course phonetic
rendering. Hakka has p'i(t-p'o^. Miao pua3, Yao ha8 po3,
bu2 bui1, bAt8 bui1 (see 苗瑤語方言詞匯集). No Austronesian
or Tai cognates found. No Cantonese, Vietnamese cognates
found.
za- [cha1] = person.
zabou [cha1 po*1] = 男人 = man.
zavoul [cha1 bo*2] = 女人 = woman.
(Amoy also uses dabou = man.) From zabou and zavoul, and
knowing that in Austro-Taic languages the adjectives come
after nouns, it is clear that za- stands for "person". And indeed,
in a number of proto-Malayo-Polynesian and proto-Philippine
reconstructions we find cognates of the form tau, Cau or
cau = "person", these include Formosan aborigine language
terms (see Dahl) like Rukai u-tsao, Favorlang cho, Pazeh
sa'u, Paiwan tsau-tsau, Puyuma t8au, etc. The -bou and -voul
endings are likely to be Sinitic, or at least have Sinitic cognates.
References
漢語方言詞匯, 文字改革出版社 (1964), 5151 1047.
台灣話大詞典, 陳修主編 (1994), ISBN 957.32.1411.3.
Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken
Language of Amoy, with the principal variations of the
Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects, Douglas and Barclay
(1899), edition by Chinese Language Project, Princeton
(1970), PL 1706 D4 1970b.
英客大字典, A Chinese-English Dictionary, Hakka-Dialect
(As Spoken in Kwang-Tung Province), D. Maciver, M.A. (1926),
PL 1856 M32 1970.
English-Hakka Dictionary, 英客字典, 滿思謙, 吉愛慈, 梁木森,
陳俊茂, 邱金漳 合編 (1958), PL 1856 Y52 1959.
常用客話字典, 劉添珍編註 (1992), ISBN 957.596.159.5.
廣州話普通話雙言對照漢語字典, 饒秉才 (1985),
ISBN 962.04.0389.4.
廣州話普通話口語詞對譯手冊, 曾子凡編著 (1982),
ISBN 962.04.0199.9.
廣東話方言詞典, 饒秉才, 歐陽覺亞, 周無忌 編著 (1981),
ISBN 962.07.0028.7.
Concise Indonesian Dictionary, English-Indonesian,
Indonesian-English, by A.L.N. Kramer, Sr. (1966), Library
of Congress Catalog Card 66-23535.
A Malay Dictionary, Malay-English, English-Malay, United
States Army Forces in the Far East (1944), PL 5125 U5.
簡明馬華辭典, Kamus Me(layu-Tionghoa, 林煥文編,
PL 5125 L5 (1958).
Hawaiian Dictionary, Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H.
Elbert (1971), ISBN 0-87022-662-2.
Austro-Thai Language and Culture, With a Glossary of Roots,
Paul K. Benedict (1975), ISBN 0-87536-323-7.
English Finderlist of Reconstructions in Austronesian Languages
(Post-Brandstetter), S.A. Wurm and B. Wilson (1975),
ISBN 0-85883-129-5.
The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China, Some Lexical
Evidence, Jerry Norman and Tsu-Lin Mei, Monumenta Serica
32, 274-301 (1976).
Yao-English dictionary, Herbert C. Purnell (1968),
PL 4306 Y3 L6.
苗瑤語方言詞匯集, 中央民族學院苗瑤語研究室編 (1987),
ISBN 7-81001-021-2.
A view on Proto-Mjuenic (Yao), Theraphan L.-Thongkum,
Mon-Khmer Studies, 22: 163-230.
Jerry Norman, 閩語里的"治"字 , 方言1979年第3期179-181頁 .
Paul K. Benedict, Austro-Thai and Austroasiatic, Austroasiatic
Studies (1976), ISBN 0-8248-0280-2.
Proto-Austronesian, Otto Chr. Dahl (1977),
ISBN 9144097522. 0700700641.
黃典誠, 閩語的特徵, 方言1984年第3期161-164頁 .
Henriette Walter, French Inside Out, The world-wide
development of the French language in the past, present
and the future, translated by Peter Fawcett (1994),
ISBN 0-415-07669-2, ISBN 0-415-07670-6 (pbk).
R. Anthony Lodge, French: From Dialect to Standard (1993),
ISBN 0-415-08070-3, 0-415-08071-1 (pbk).
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